Iran is not rich in forest land and only 7.5 per cent of country is covered by forest. Therefore Iran has to import wood based panel annually. It is estimated that 100.000.000 Date Palms trees covered an area at about 770.000 hectares around world, and Iran has got 220.000 ha. Because of several reasons Date palm trees should be pruned and each tree produce 10-20 kg residues annually. In this study, for making boards Date Palm pruning residues as raw material and employed UF resin as the binder. Steaming time (5 and 8 Min.), steaming temperature (135 and 145oC) and press time (1, 2 and 3 Min.) were used as variable factors and three boards were made in Pilot plant scale for each combination of variables. Samples of all made boards were tested by the methods of EN to obtain mean values of bending strength, and internal bond strength (I.B). In addition samples of each type of board were tested for thickness swelling after soaking in water for 2 hours and 24 hours respectively.The results of this study show clearly that boards have higher mechanical properties than the MDF property requirements which are recommended by EN standard.

Although today’, s fossil fuel reserves have been still considered a long-term energy supply, biomass has received worldwide attention as a cheap and renewable energy source due to the known global environmental impact of fossil fuel usage. Then co-processing of fossil fuels and biomasses to produce substitute liquid fuels is one option to appraise fossil fuel reserves for the economy. In this work, pyrolysis of Soma lignite and an oil plant cake, and their blends of varied proportions in the form of pellets were studied to elucidate the main differences between the behavior of these materials and their blends during fast thermal decomposition carried to convert their valuable products. A special vertical heating chamber, which enabled very fast heating, was used in the experiments conducted at 500-700oC temperature range. The results showed that these two materials mutually interacted when the cake ratios of the pellets were below 50%. For blends with 75% cake, some interaction was observed only at 700oC. It is concluded that the interaction between two materials during pyrolysis is affected by the outflow rates of volatiles into the sweeping gas. Maximum liquid yields corresponded to blends containing OPC greater than 75%.

Severity of energy crisis is so acute in our society whereas environmental degradation is another challenging issue. Combining these two, environmental pollution can be eradicated permanently which is the burning issue for many countries of the world. Nowadays recycling of tire waste can be a dependable solution for minimizing energy crisis and environmental pollution as well as energy crisis. Similar to bio resources these wastes tire have the features of manufacturing energy by altered thermochemical conversion process. In the previous time waste tire pyrolysis was conducted without catalyst whereas the present pyrolysis with catalyst. The objectives were investigating the effect on oil extraction and the composition of derivative oil from tire waste in presence of catalyst. The effect of pyrolysis heating rate, temperature, operating time, catalyst/tire ratio (CT ratio) and sample size etc. on yield were also investigated. The pyrolysis process was carried out in temperature range of 300 to 600º C. The most favorable pyrolytic oil attained was 42. 0% (wt) for without catalyst as well as 36. 67% (wt) for catalytic pyrolysis at 450º C. Characterization of physical properties of the resulting pyrolytic oil showed that increase in pyrolysis temperature and CT ratio resulted in higher yield of gas at the expense of oil. When CT ratio is increased from 0. 13 to 0. 30, the gas yield is increased from 13. 33 to 15. 33% (wt) and oil yield decreased from 36. 67 to 28. 0% (wt) at temperature of 450oC. High CT ratio favored an increase in the concentration of light naphtha in the pyrolytic oil. A yield of 97% (wt) is obtained from of the pyrolytic oil at 450oC with CT ratio 0. 3 by fractional distillation below 350oC. It could be concluded that after proper treatment these oil can be used as substitute of alternative fuel or chemical feedstock to naphtha.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of liquid smoke from tobacco waste on three plant pathogenic fungi and identification and measurement of compounds effective on the antifungal properties of liquid smoke. The waste was pyrolyzed in furnace in the absence of oxygen, and smoke was converted to liquid smoke by refrigerant. Antifungal effects of liquid smoke were tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora nicotianae causing tobacco sore shin, collar rot and black shank disease agents, respectively. Six concentrations of the liquid smoke 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm were prepared and mixed with culture medium. The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of liquid smoke, concentration and the interaction of liquid smoke on concentration in limiting the fungal growth were significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison of the effect of liquid smoke on these fungi showed that liquid smoke of 25% midrib + 75% scrap pyrolysis in 4000 ppm concentration had 100 percent mycelial growth control on the above fungi. In addition, the liquid smoke pyrolysis of above treatment in low concentrations caused 100 percent mycelia growth control of Rhizoctonia and Sclerotinia. According to research reports, the presence of phenolic compounds, organic acids and alkaloids constituents in liquid smoke is an agent of antifungal effects. Therefore, extraction of these constituents from liquid smoke was carried out and qualitative analysis was done by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and quantitative analysis of total phenol and alkaloids was done by spectrophotometer method. The results of this research showed that the effects of alkaloids constituents on the control of fungi were more than phenolic and organic acids constituents in liquid smoke from tobacco waste. The results showed the high potential of the liquid smoke of pyrolysis to be used as a biological control of pathogenic fungi.

According to the increasing in the usage of electricity, saving energy is so important. It can be occurred by both, optimizing consumption and the increasing of production efficiency. Small scale power plant (Distributed Generation (DG)) by reducing the distance of power production and consumption, declines a large part of this industry loss that is related to the distribution. The generators also have the ability to transform into the cogeneration system; As a result, by increasing efficiency, a great saving will happen in the production side of electricity industry. The issue of this article is the determination of priority of location of building DG. In this regard by using deviation from the optimum method and Human Development Index (HDI), according to data published by the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Energy, 9 provinces in the central area of Iran were selected and evaluated with 9 indicators. The results show that among the selected provinces the priority execution of power plant is first in Tehran, and then Isfahan.

Sulfur emission from coal combustion presents many environmental problems.The techniques used to reduce the amount of sulfur in coal before combustion, include physical, chemical and biological processes. Biological processes based on degradation of sulfur compounds by microorganisms offer many advantages over the conventional physical and chemical processes.The processes are performed under mild conditions with no harmful reaction products and the value of coal is not affected. In this article the progress achieved to date in biodesulfurization of Tabas coal in pilot plant is reviewed. Effect of particle size and pulp density at constant temperature on coal biodesulfurization investigated in this research. The best results obtained was 45% of pyritic sulfur and 20% of total sulfur in reduction at pulp density of 10% and 0-0.5 mm particle size within 14 days.

Steel industry is considered as one of the most important component of industrialization, and most of the developing countries wish to have prosperous steel plants. Despide possessing a good potential in energy, mineral and human resources, we do not yet enjoy a major share in the world steel trade. Based on favorable economic returns in steel industries, we would expect to profit from our comparative advantages. In this research we examine the/actors which reduce the production costs, and we try to identify the most suitable cost functions. Our model consists of translog cost functions, and show how the Esfahan steel mill could profit from the economies of scale. Through the "Iterative seemingly Unrelated Regrenions" , we observed that this plant may have considerable economies of scale.

The ability of plant communities in natural ecosystems to modify temperature has become increasingly important due to the profound impacts of global climate change, particularly in arid regions. However, previous studies have provided limited information on the long-term temperature feedback of these plant communities and the biotic drivers behind these changes. This study aimed to determine the functional traits and types of plant communities as biotic drivers of land surface temperature (LST) at the plant community scale, with a focus on identifying co-functioning communities in the Sirjan region of Kerman Province. To achieve this, we utilized the MODIS-LST 8-day composite product at the plant community scale and measured functional traits of dominant species through field operations. The results revealed that leaf dry matter content (LDMC), maximum height (MH), and leaf width (LW) traits significantly reduce LST. Additionally, cluster analysis indicated that the plant communities in the study area can be classified into five functional groups, which fall into two co-function categories. The S-strategized co-function (e.g., 26 communities), characterized by high LDMC values and a combination of abrupt and trend feedback in LST, was found to be more effective than the R-strategized co-function (e.g., 13 communities), which exhibited only trend feedback. Therefore, it can be argued that extreme temperatures, as a global concern, can be mitigated through careful selection of vegetation based on functional traits and strategies. This approach, particularly through rangeland improvement practices using species such as Astragalus spachianus, Cornulaca monacantha, and Launaea acanthodes, could play a significant role in addressing this challenge.